Racism by culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Racism by culture - Research Paper Example What is this survived "dinosaur" of the last eras called racism? The given work will explain the essence of the modern racism and prove that the roots of racist ideas are in the educational and cultural environment a person is brought up in. Racism is the set of views, based on the ideas of physical and intellectual inequality of human races and of the decisive influence of racial distinctions on history and culture. There is also a little broader definition of racism that can be found in encyclopedias, which state that racial signs impose decisive influence on abilities, intelligence, moral and behavioral features and traits of people’ s character (Flanagan et al 515). Racism includes the ideas about initial division of people into the highest and the lowest races, the first of which are the founders of the civilization, thus they want and should dominate over the second. â€Å"Racism is the overarching societal paradigm that tolerates, accepts, and reinforces racial inequalities, and is associated with racially unequal opportunities for children to learn and thrive. Racial inequalities result in the discriminatory treatment of people of minority status. For instance, individuals from historically marginalized racial groups may be perceived as less worthy or less intelligent than those from the majority culture. At the same time, children or communities from the majority culture are allowed to maintain their established privileged and valued status. This privilege can result in better treatment and opportunities than are afforded to others within educational systems and other social institutions. The presence of racism in educational settings harms everyone, but has the most negative and lasting impact on racial minority groups† (Racism, prejudice, and discrimination).The implementation of racist theories in practice

How A Bill Becomes A law Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

How A Bill Becomes A law - Term Paper Example This information can be used to better the nation, local community, career, and life as it moves forward. All Roads Lead to Congress is a case study of the proposal and passage of H.R. 3: Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient, Transportation Equity Act (SAFETEA - LU) from the 109th Congress 2005 - 2006. This case study is presented from two different authors’ perspectives. One author is a political scientist, Costas Panagopoulos, and the other is an urban planner, Joshua Schank, who has been involved in transportation his entire career. Schank was Senator Hillary Clinton’s transportation fellow being brought in from Columbia University specifically to help work on this bill specifically. The book is organized by chapters telling the reader simply, â€Å"How a bill becomes law; bill introduction and markup; floor fight; conference; back to the drawing board; passage and politics; and the aftermath. In Chapter one, The four P’s are discussed including power, proc ess, policy, pots of money (price). Members of congress are most concerned about getting re-elected and use position taking, credit claiming, and advertising to get ahead. The suggestion is made that politicians worry more and do more about advertising their pork barrel projects than they do about passing solid pieces of legislation. Since their primary concern from day one in office is with getting re-elected, every move they make centers on that issue, the entire time they are in office. Public opinion of Congress as a whole is typically low, but constituent approval of some individual members of Congress is high. Transportation is a popular place to include pork barrel projects. There is a lot of detail provided in each chapter about what happens behind the scenes in the Congressional process, regarding deadlines, extensions of deadlines, â€Å"constituent meeting†, â€Å"surrogate meeting†, stall tactics, additional conversations, and so on, all in an effort to get a working piece of legislation that a bi-partisan group will be comfortable passing (p. 31). This bill was introduced in the house May 14, 2003 and was signed into law August 10, 2005 by President Bush. The final act was passed before the bridge collapse in Minnnesota on August 1, 2007, on I-35W at the height of rush hour. The bridge, as well as fifty vehicles, fell into the Mississippi River. Five people were killed. The investigation showed that popular, new roads and projects were funded, while the mundane, routine and maintenance projects were neglected. This was not the direct cause of the accident, but transportation has been bankrolling many other projects than the maintenance and safety of the existing roadways for years. The path taken by the highway funding bill followed the schematic in Figure 1.1 on page 6 of Panagopoulos and Schank. The bill is draft and proposed to both the House and the Senate. The Senate and House have committees that the bill goes to. In the commit tees the bill is marked up and reported out back to the Senate or the House with recommended changes. The bill then goes to the House rules committee. The bill post revisions makes its’ way back to the Senate and House floor for discussion, which if proceeding forward, follows with conference meetings to reconcile the differences between the Senate and the House. The